The wugong sects mentioned in wusia novels including the well-established schools of martial arts, the regional wugong institutes and the gangs. The number of the well-established schools of martial arts is either seven or nine, cihda menpai or jiuda menpai. The names of these schools are various; different novelists have different lists for them. Basically Shaolin and Wudang are never absent when the well-established schools are mentioned. Kunlun, Huashan, Emei are not always recognized by the novelists as the well-established schools, and they may be replaced by Syueshan, Jhongnan, Wangwu, Cheng, just to name a few.

      These schools and their wugong are principally made up by the novelists. In the real world, there is a Buddhist temple called Shaolinsi, from which the name of the Shaolin school comes; it is located in the Songshan mountains in Henan Province. And there is a Taoist shrine named Jhenwugong located in the Wudang mountains in Hubei, from which the name of the Wudang school comes. They are built for religious purposes but not for martial arts. Other wugong schools described in wusia novels hardly have any connections with martial arts either. Emei, for example, originally is the name of a mountain in Sichuan Province, but there are numerous temples and shrines on the mountain, and none of them can be regarded as the headquarters of a martial arts school.

      Although all the well-established schools were invented by the wugong novelists, there are rules which the novelists follow, and the two most important conventions are (1) Shaolin and Wudang are irreplaceable; (2) A school should be associated with a mountain.